Adjusting for risk and confounding in outcomes research

Adjusting for Confounding with Text Matching∗

We identify situations in which conditioning on text can address confounding in observational studies. We argue that a matching approach is particularly well-suited to this task, but existing matching methods are ill-equipped to handle high-dimensional text data. Our proposed solution is to estimate a low-dimensional summary of the text covariates and condition on this summary via matching. We ...

Adjusting for Time-Varying Confounding in Survival Analysis

Adjusting for Time-Varying Confounding in Survival Analysis In this paper we illustrate how directly including endogenous time-varying confounders in the model of the effect of an exposure on a response can lead to bias in discrete time survival analysis. An alternative to this method is Hernán, Brumback and Robins’ (1999) use of sample weights to adjust for endogenous time-varying confounding....

Confounding in health research.

Consideration of confounding is fundamental to the design, analysis, and interpretation of studies intended to estimate causal effects. Unfortunately, the word confounding has been used synonymously with several other terms, and it has been used to refer to at least four distinct concepts. This paper provides an overview of confounding and related concepts based on a counterfactual model of cau...

Understanding confounding in research.

passivity in waiting for godot and endgame: a psychoanalytic reading

this study intends to investigate samuel beckett’s waiting for godot and endgame under the lacanian psychoanalysis. it begins by explaining the most important concepts of lacanian psychoanalysis. the beckettian characters are studied regarding their state of unconscious, and not the state of consciousness as is common in most beckett studies. according to lacan, language plays the sole role in ...